-wen in Middle English

IPA: /-wən/, /-iu̯ən/, /-ɔu̯ən/, /-ɡən/ [especially, sometimes] (note: after /n/) [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: Inherited from Old English -egian, -gian, from Proto-West Germanic *-agōn, *-īgōn; equivalent to -y (adjectival suffix) + -en (infinitival suffix). The environment where fortition of earlier /ɣ/ to /ɡ/ sometimes seen in this suffix is difficult to specify. Following Ekwall, Jordan and Luick posit that it occurred before the secondarily-stressed verbal endings; d'Ardenne rejects this as not explaining the parallel fortition in witege, variant of witie (“prophet”), she instead suggests it originally occurred in forms where /ɣ/ was directly followed by the coronal stops /d/, /t/, or the fricatives /v/, /z/, and then was analogically extended to words where a vowel intervened. In any case, it was undoubtedly supported by the fortition of /nɣ/ to /nɡ/ seen in e.g. syngen (“to sin”); variants of that word such as synwe are either from varieties where this fortition failed or from a late Old English *synegian. On the other hand, Brunner doubts that such fortition occured, claiming that the relevant forms are simply instances of the Early Middle English use of ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɣ/. As pointed out by Flasdieck, this assertion is groundless since the texts where it is attested do not use ⟨g⟩ in such a manner. Etymology templates: {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|enm|ang|-egian|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old English -egian, {{inh+|enm|ang|-egian}} Inherited from Old English -egian, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*-agōn}} Proto-West Germanic *-agōn, {{af|enm|-y|-en|id1=adjectives|id2=infinitival|nocat=1|pos1=adjectival suffix|pos2=infinitival suffix}} -y (adjectival suffix) + -en (infinitival suffix), {{m+|ang||*synegian}} Old English *synegian Head templates: {{head|enm|suffix|cat2=verb-forming suffixes|cat3=derivational suffixes}} -wen Forms: -ege [alternative], -egen [alternative], -ewe [alternative], -ge [alternative], -gen [alternative], -we [alternative], -egin [alternative], -egin [alternative], -gi [alternative], -gin [alternative], -ȝhen [alternative, Ormulum], -eguy [alternative], -egy [alternative], -gy [alternative]

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "-g"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "fossilised"
      ],
      "word": "-ow"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "-egian",
      "-egian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "-gian",
      "-gian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*-agōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-agōn"
    ],
    [
      "*-īgōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-īgōn"
    ],
    [
      "-y",
      "-y#Middle_English:_adjectives"
    ],
    [
      "-en",
      "-en#Middle_English:_infinitival"
    ],
    [
      "witege",
      "witege#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "witie",
      "witie#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "syngen",
      "syngen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "synwe",
      "synwe#Middle_English"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-egian",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -egian",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-egian"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English -egian",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-agōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-agōn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "-y",
        "3": "-en",
        "id1": "adjectives",
        "id2": "infinitival",
        "nocat": "1",
        "pos1": "adjectival suffix",
        "pos2": "infinitival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-y (adjectival suffix) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*synegian"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *synegian",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -egian, -gian, from Proto-West Germanic *-agōn, *-īgōn; equivalent to -y (adjectival suffix) + -en (infinitival suffix).\nThe environment where fortition of earlier /ɣ/ to /ɡ/ sometimes seen in this suffix is difficult to specify. Following Ekwall, Jordan and Luick posit that it occurred before the secondarily-stressed verbal endings; d'Ardenne rejects this as not explaining the parallel fortition in witege, variant of witie (“prophet”), she instead suggests it originally occurred in forms where /ɣ/ was directly followed by the coronal stops /d/, /t/, or the fricatives /v/, /z/, and then was analogically extended to words where a vowel intervened. In any case, it was undoubtedly supported by the fortition of /nɣ/ to /nɡ/ seen in e.g. syngen (“to sin”); variants of that word such as synwe are either from varieties where this fortition failed or from a late Old English *synegian.\nOn the other hand, Brunner doubts that such fortition occured, claiming that the relevant forms are simply instances of the Early Middle English use of ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɣ/. As pointed out by Flasdieck, this assertion is groundless since the texts where it is attested do not use ⟨g⟩ in such a manner.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ege",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ewe",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ge",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-we",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gi",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ȝhen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Ormulum"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-eguy",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egy",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gy",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "derivational suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-wen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using catfix",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms verbs from adjectives or nouns."
      ],
      "id": "en--wen-enm-suffix-OepEA02S",
      "links": [
        [
          "verb",
          "verb#English"
        ],
        [
          "adjective",
          "adjective#English"
        ],
        [
          "noun",
          "noun#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(no longer productive) Forms verbs from adjectives or nouns."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "idiomatic",
        "morpheme"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Eilert Ekwall",
        "Karl Luick",
        "fr:Simonne d'Ardenne"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/-wən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-iu̯ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-ɔu̯ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-ɡən/",
      "note": "after /n/",
      "tags": [
        "especially",
        "sometimes"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-wen"
}

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "-g"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "fossilised"
      ],
      "word": "-ow"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "-egian",
      "-egian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "-gian",
      "-gian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*-agōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-agōn"
    ],
    [
      "*-īgōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-īgōn"
    ],
    [
      "-y",
      "-y#Middle_English:_adjectives"
    ],
    [
      "-en",
      "-en#Middle_English:_infinitival"
    ],
    [
      "witege",
      "witege#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "witie",
      "witie#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "syngen",
      "syngen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "synwe",
      "synwe#Middle_English"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-egian",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -egian",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-egian"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English -egian",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-agōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-agōn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "-y",
        "3": "-en",
        "id1": "adjectives",
        "id2": "infinitival",
        "nocat": "1",
        "pos1": "adjectival suffix",
        "pos2": "infinitival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-y (adjectival suffix) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*synegian"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *synegian",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -egian, -gian, from Proto-West Germanic *-agōn, *-īgōn; equivalent to -y (adjectival suffix) + -en (infinitival suffix).\nThe environment where fortition of earlier /ɣ/ to /ɡ/ sometimes seen in this suffix is difficult to specify. Following Ekwall, Jordan and Luick posit that it occurred before the secondarily-stressed verbal endings; d'Ardenne rejects this as not explaining the parallel fortition in witege, variant of witie (“prophet”), she instead suggests it originally occurred in forms where /ɣ/ was directly followed by the coronal stops /d/, /t/, or the fricatives /v/, /z/, and then was analogically extended to words where a vowel intervened. In any case, it was undoubtedly supported by the fortition of /nɣ/ to /nɡ/ seen in e.g. syngen (“to sin”); variants of that word such as synwe are either from varieties where this fortition failed or from a late Old English *synegian.\nOn the other hand, Brunner doubts that such fortition occured, claiming that the relevant forms are simply instances of the Early Middle English use of ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɣ/. As pointed out by Flasdieck, this assertion is groundless since the texts where it is attested do not use ⟨g⟩ in such a manner.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ege",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ewe",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ge",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-we",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gi",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ȝhen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Ormulum"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-eguy",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-egy",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-gy",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "derivational suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-wen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English derivational suffixes",
        "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle English lemmas",
        "Middle English suffixes",
        "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
        "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Middle English verb-forming suffixes",
        "Pages using catfix",
        "Pages with 2 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms verbs from adjectives or nouns."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "verb",
          "verb#English"
        ],
        [
          "adjective",
          "adjective#English"
        ],
        [
          "noun",
          "noun#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(no longer productive) Forms verbs from adjectives or nouns."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "idiomatic",
        "morpheme"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Eilert Ekwall",
        "Karl Luick",
        "fr:Simonne d'Ardenne"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/-wən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-iu̯ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-ɔu̯ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-ɡən/",
      "note": "after /n/",
      "tags": [
        "especially",
        "sometimes"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-wen"
}

"-wen" meaning in Middle English

Suffix